Ultrasound-assisted extraction based on QuEChERs of pesticide residues in honeybees and determination by LC–MS/MS and GC-MS/MS
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Gil García, María Dolores; Martínez Galera, María; Ucles Duque, Samanta; Lozano Fernández, Ana Belén; Rodríguez Fernández-Alba, AmadeoDate
2018-06-26Abstract
In this work, 260 pesticide residues, including insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and herbicides, were extracted from honeybees using the QuEChERS methodology modified by applying an ultrasonic probe, which avoided the homogenization step and reduced the extraction time. Gas and liquid chromatography, both coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry, allowed the determination of the pesticide residues extracted from the samples. The optimization of the main ultrasonic conditions (sonication amplitude, number of cycles, and time of each cycle) was performed using a Box–Behnken experimental design involving 15 experimental samples. The results obtained with this approach showed that the recoveries were not affected by these experimental parameters for 95 pesticide residues whereas the sonication amplitude was the main factor affecting the recoveries of 107 pesticide residues. The extraction time and the number of cycles affected four and one pesticide residues, respectively. The e...
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Química Analítica